Category: 💊KEYTRUDA

Urothelial carcinoma, arising from the transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis, is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract and the fourth most common cancer in men in developed countries. Bladder cancer represents the most frequent presentation of urothelial carcinoma, with an estimated 570,000 new diagnoses globally each year. The […]

Non-small cell lung cancer represents approximately 85 percent of all lung cancer diagnoses and encompasses adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma as the principal histological subtypes. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, responsible for more deaths annually than breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers combined, reflecting both its high incidence […]

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma encompasses malignancies arising from the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx, representing a diverse group of tumors that share squamous histology but differ substantially in their etiology, molecular characteristics, prognosis, and optimal treatment approach. Approximately 900,000 new cases are diagnosed globally each year, with tobacco […]

Gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction cancer collectively represent one of the most significant oncological challenges globally, with gastric cancer ranking as the fifth most common cancer diagnosis and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The geographical distribution of gastric cancer is markedly non-uniform, with substantially higher incidence rates in East Asia, Eastern Europe, […]

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide, representing a major public health burden in both developed and developing nations. The molecular landscape of colorectal cancer is remarkably heterogeneous, with tumors arising through distinct carcinogenetic pathways that produce cancers with fundamentally different biological behaviors, […]

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is a B cell-derived lymphoid malignancy characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells — large, distinctive binucleate or multinucleate tumor cells — surrounded by a reactive inflammatory infiltrate comprising lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils that collectively constitute the bulk of the tumor mass. Despite Reed-Sternberg cells representing only a minority of […]

Cervical cancer remains a major global health challenge, with an estimated 600,000 new cases and 340,000 deaths annually, making it the fourth most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. The disease burden is profoundly unequal, with approximately 90 percent of cervical cancer deaths occurring in low- and […]

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, arising from the malignant transformation of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin. While localized melanoma carries an excellent prognosis following surgical excision, the development of metastatic disease historically conferred a median survival of less than one year, with conventional chemotherapy producing response rates rarely exceeding […]

The recognition that programmed death-ligand 1 expression on tumor cells and tumor-associated immune cells represents a shared immune evasion mechanism exploited across diverse cancer histologies has established PD-L1 as a cross-cutting therapeutic target whose relevance extends far beyond any single tumor type. The development of PD-1 and PD-L1 blocking antibodies has consequently generated the broadest […]